CBSE Class 12 Biology Syllabus 2024-25

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flower structure; development of male and female gametophytes; pollination - types, agenciesand examples: outbreeding devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double fertilisation; postfertilisation events - development of endosperms and embryos, development of seeds, and formationof fruit; special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersaland fruit formation. 

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

Male and female reproductive systems; microscopic anatomy of testis and ovaries; gametogenesis-spermatogenesis and oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation; embryo development up toblastocyst formation, implantation; pregnancy and placenta formation (elementary idea);parturition (elementary idea); lactation (elementary idea). 

Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

Need for Reproductive Health and Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs); birthcontrol - needs and methods, contraception and medical termination of pregnancy (MTP);amniocentesis; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies - IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementaryideas for general awareness).

Chapter 5:

Principles of Inheritance and VariationHeredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; deviations from Mendelism – incompletedominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and inheritance of blood groups, pleiotropy;elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; chromosome theory of inheritance; chromosomes andgenes; sex determination - in humans, birds and honey bees; linkage and crossover; sex linkedinheritance - haemophilia, colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans, thalassemia,chromosomal disorders in humans; Down's syndrome, Turner's and Klinefelter's syndromes. 

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNApackaging; DNA replication; Central Dogma; transcription, genetic code, translation; geneexpression and regulation - lac operon; genome, human and rice genome projects; DNAfingerprinting. 

Chapter 7: Evolution

Origin of life: biological evolution and evidence of biological evolution (palaeontology,comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin's contribution, modernsynthetic theory of evolution; mechanism of evolution - variation (mutation and recombination)and natural selection with examples and types of natural selections; Gene flow and genetic drift;Hardy: Weinberg's principle; adaptive radiation; human evolution. 

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

Pathogens: parasites causing human diseases (malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis,ascariasis, typhoid, pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm) and their control; Basicconcepts of immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcoholabuse.

Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

Microbes in food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generationand microbes as bio-control agents and bio-fertilizers. Antibiotics: production and judicioususe.

Chapter 11: Biotechnology - Principles and Processes

Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology). 

Prepare a temporary mount to observe pollen germination, Study plant population density using the quadrat methods, Study plant population frequency using the quadrat method, Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tips to study mitosis, Isolate DNA from available plant materials such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.

Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds), Pollen germination of stigma through a permanent slide or scanning electron micrograph, Identify the stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovaries through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice), Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides, T.S. of the blastula through permanent slides (Mammalian), Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colors/sizes of any plant, Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood, groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colour blindness, Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging, Common diseases, organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, and any fungus-causing ringworms through permanent slides, models, virtual images, or specimens, Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause, Model specimen showing symbolic association in root modules of leguminous plants, Cuscuta on host, lichens, Flashcard models showing examples of homologous and analogous organs.

Beakers, flask, Petri plates, soil from different sites - sandy, clayey, loamy, small potted plants, aluminium foil, paintbrush, test tubes, starch solution, iodine, ice cubes, Bunsen burner/spirit lamp/water bath, large flowers, Maize inflorescence, model ofdevelopmental stages highlighting the morula and blastula of frogs, beads/seeds of differentshapes/size/texture Ascaris, Cactus/Opuntia (model).

Study of flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects), Identification of T.S of morula or blastula of frog (Model), Study of Mendelian inheritance patterns using beads/seeds of different sizes/textures, Prepare pedigree charts of genetic traits such as rolling of the tongue and colour blindness, Study emasculation, tagging, and bagging by trying out an exercise oncontrolled pollination, Identify common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris (model) and learn somecommon symptoms of the disease that they cause, Comment upon morphological adaptations of plants found in xerophytic conditions.