About IGNOU Admission 2026
IGNOU admission 2026 January session has started. The last date to apply is January 31, 2026. Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) admission 2026 is based on merit in the qualifying examination for most programs, with entrance examinations for select courses like BEd and PhD.
Candidates seeking admission at Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) can apply for Undergraduate, Postgraduate, Diploma, Certificate, and Doctoral courses offered across multiple disciplines. The IGNOU admission process involves registration on the official IGNOU admission portal, appearing for entrance exams (if applicable), and seat confirmation via merit-based selection or counselling for specific programs. Based on merit lists or entrance exam scores, candidates are offered admission to their desired course.
IGNOU admission opens twice a year, in January and July cycles. IGNOU registration for the January session starts in December, and the July session registration starts in May or June. Registrations for admission at IGNOU can be done via both online and offline modes. Details like eligibility, selection criteria, entrance exams, application process, and dates for IGNOU admission 2026 are discussed below.
IGNOU Admission Highlights 2026
| Particulars | IGNOU Admission Highlights 2026 |
|---|---|
| Courses Offered | Undergraduate, Postgraduate, Diploma, Certificate, Doctoral |
| Popular Courses | BA, BCA, BEd, BBA, BCom, MA, MBA, MCA, MSc, PhD |
| Admission Criteria | Merit-based / Entrance Exam |
| Entrance Exams Accepted | BEd Entrance Test, PhD Entrance Test |
| Application Mode | Online |
| Official Website | ignou.ac.in |
- About IGNOU Admission 2026
- IGNOU Admission Dates 2026
- IGNOU UG Admission 2026
- IGNOU PG Admission 2026
- IGNOU Diploma Admission 2026
- IGNOU PhD Admission 2026
- IGNOU Admission Fees 2026
- IGNOU Entrance Exam 2026
- IGNOU Admission Process 2026
- How to Apply for IGNOU Admission 2026?
- IGNOU Admission Status 2026
- IGNOU Scholarships 2026
- IGNOU vs. Other Universities
IGNOU Admission Dates 2026
IGNOU Admission 2026 dates for the January Session to apply for all ODL/Online programs are given in the table below:
| Event | Date |
|---|---|
| IGNOU Admission 2026 (January Session) Start Date | December 16, 2025 |
| IGNOU Admission 2026 Last Date for January Session | January 31, 2026. |
| IGNOU BEd Entrance Exam 2026 | March 2026 (Tentative) |
| Document Verification | February 2026 (Tentative) |
| Admission Confirmation | Mid February 2026 (Tentative) |
| Dispatch of Study Material | February - March 2026 (Tentative) |
| Commencement of Classes | March 2026 (Tentative) |
| Assignment Submission Window | March - September 2026 (Tentative) |
IGNOU UG Admission 2026
IGNOU UG admission is merit-based for BCA, BBA, BCom, BSc, BSW, BLIS, and BPP programs, except BEd, which requires the BEd Entrance Test. IGNOU UG courses span 3-6 years. IGNOU operates via Open & Distance Learning (ODL) and Online Learning (OL). The basic eligibility for IGNOU admission to UG courses is passing the 10+2 examination in relevant subjects. Below are the details for IGNOU UG eligibility & selection criteria 2026:
| Course | Eligibility | Selection Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| BA | 10+2 or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| BCA | 10+2 or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| BEd | Bachelor’s/Master’s with 50% marks | Selection is based on BEd Entrance Test followed by counseling |
| BBA | 10+2 or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| BCom | 10+2 or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| BSc | 10+2 with Science subjects | Selection is based on merit |
| BSW | 10+2 or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| BLIS | Bachelor’s degree or 10+2 with work experience | Selection is based on merit |
IGNOU PG Admission 2026
IGNOU PG admission is merit-based for MA, MCA, MSc, MCom, MBA, MSW, and MLIS programs. IGNOU PG courses span 2-5 years. IGNOU PG courses are offered through regional and study centres via ODL and OL modes. Candidates must hold a bachelor’s degree in a relevant discipline from a recognised university. Below is the details for IGNOU PG eligibility & selection criteria 2026:
| Course | Eligibility | Selection Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| MBA | Bachelor’s with 50% marks | Selection is based on OPENMAT |
| MCA | BCA/BSc (CS/IT) or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| MSc | BSc in a relevant discipline | Selection is based on merit |
| MCom | Bachelor’s in Commerce or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| MA | Bachelor’s in any discipline | Selection is based on merit |
| MSW | Bachelor’s in any discipline | Selection is based on merit |
| MLIS | BLIS or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
IGNOU Diploma Admission 2026
IGNOU Diploma admission 2026 is merit-based, conducted via the IGNOU admission portal. The courses include Diploma in Creative Writing in English (DCE), Diploma in Tourism Studies (DTS), and Post Graduate Diploma in Rural Development (PGDRD) for durations of 1-3 years. Eligibility varies, typically requiring 10+2 or a bachelor’s degree. Below are the details for IGNOU Diploma eligibility & selection criteria 2026:
| Course | Eligibility | Selection Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| DCE | 10+2 or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| DTS | 10+2 or equivalent | Selection is based on merit |
| PGDRD | Bachelor’s degree | Selection is based on merit |
IGNOU PhD Admission 2026
IGNOU PhD admission is offered in various disciplines for 3-6 years. Candidates must hold a master’s degree with 55% marks. Selection is based on the PhD Entrance Test followed by an interview. Below is the IGNOU PhD eligibility & selection criteria 2026:
| Course | Eligibility | Selection Criteria |
|---|---|---|
| PhD | Master’s with 55% marks | JRF (NET with fellowship) candidates are selected only through interview. Non-JRF NET candidates are shortlisted based on NET score.IGNOU Admission Process 2026 |
IGNOU Admission Fees 2026
IGNOU admission fees for 2026 vary by program, with additional registration fees of INR 300 for most courses and INR 500 for MBA, MCA, and select programs. Fees are payable per semester or annually, depending on the course structure, and cover tuition, study materials, and examination costs. Scholarships and fee exemptions are available for SC/ST, BPL, and jail inmates. IGNOU Courses & Fees 2026 for the January 2026 session are listed below.
| Programme | Total Fee (INR) |
|---|---|
| Bachelor of Arts (BA) | 12,600 |
| Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) | 48,000 |
| Bachelor of Education (BEd) | 55,000 |
| Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) | 30,000 |
| Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com) | 12,600 |
| Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) | 15,600 |
| Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) | 18,300 |
| Bachelor of Library and Information Science (BLIS) | 9,000 |
| Bachelor of Arts (English) (Honours) (BAEGH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Hindi) (Honours) (BAHDH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Arts (History) (Honours) (BAHIH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Political Science) (Honours) (BAPSH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Psychology) (Honours) (BAPCH) | 15,600 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Public Administration) (Honours) (BAPAH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Science (Honours) (BSCG) | 15,600 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Vocational Studies) Tourism Management (BAVTM) | 15,600 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Vocational Studies) Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (BAVMSME) | 15,600 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Urdu) (BAUDH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Sanskrit) (BASKH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Arts (Sociology) (BASOH) | 14,100 |
| Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry) (BSCFBC) | 15,600 |
| Master of Arts (English) (MEG) | 15,400 |
| Master of Business Administration (MBA) | 62,000 |
| Master of Computer Applications (MCA) | 48,000 |
| Master of Arts (Hindi) (MHD) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Political Science) (MPS) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Psychology) (MAPC) | 20,400 |
| Master of Arts (Economics) (MEC) | 20,400 |
| Master of Arts (Sociology) (MSO) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Public Administration) (MPA) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (History) (MAH) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Anthropology) (MAAN) | 20,400 |
| Master of Arts (Education) (MAEDU) | 20,400 |
| Master of Arts (Distance Education) (MADE) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Adult Education) (MAAE) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Sustainability Science) (MASS) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Corporate Social Responsibility) (MACSR) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Urban Studies) (MAUS) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Folklore and Culture Studies) (MAFCS) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Jyotish) (MAJY) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Sanskrit) (MSK) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Urdu) (MAUD) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Applied Urdu) (MAAUD) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Drawing and Painting) (MADP) | 20,400 |
| Master of Arts (Translation Studies) (MATS) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Gender and Development Studies) (MAGD) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Environmental and Occupational Health) (MAEOH) | 15,400 |
| Master of Arts (Journalism and Mass Communication) (MAJMC) | 25,000 |
| Master of Science (Information Security) (MSCIS) | 48,000 |
| Master of Science (Renewable Energy and Environment) (MSCRWEE) | 24,000 |
| Master of Science (Food Nutrition) (MSCDFSM) | 32,400 |
| Master of Science (Counselling and Family Therapy) (MSCCFT) | 33,600 |
| Master of Science (Environmental Science) (MSCENV) | 15,400 |
| Master of Science (Geography) (MSCGG) | 20,400 |
| Master of Science (Applied Statistics) (MSCAST) | 20,400 |
| Master of Science (Chemistry) (MSCCHEM) | 20,400 |
| Master of Commerce (MCOM) | 15,400 |
| Master of Social Work (MSW) | 36,000 |
| Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS) | 11,400 |
| Master of Arts (Migration and Diaspora) (MAMIDI) | 15,400 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Translation (PGDT) | 5,400 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Rural Development (PGDRD) | 2,400 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Higher Education (PGDHE) | 3,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Educational Management and Administration (PGDEMA) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in School Leadership and Management (PGDSLM) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Counselling and Family Therapy (PGDCFT) | 16,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Hospital and Health Management (PGDHHM) | 25,200 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Maternal and Child Health (PGDMCH) | 25,200 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Geriatric Medicine (PGDGM) | 25,200 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Journalism and Mass Communication (PGJMC) | 12,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Audio Programme Production (PGDAPP) | 12,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Book Publishing (PGDBP) | 9,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Sustainability Science (PGDSS) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Studies (PGDES) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental Management (PGDEME) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Women’s and Gender Studies (PGDWGS) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Mental Health (PGDMH) | 9,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Development Studies (PGDDS) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Corporate Social Responsibility (PGDCSR) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Planning and Development (PGDUPDL) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Migration and Diaspora (PGDMIDI) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Agribusiness (PGDAGR) | 7,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in International Business Operations (PGDIBO) | 15,400 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Disaster Management (PGDDM) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Intellectual Property Rights (PGDIPR) | 10,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Criminal Justice (PGDCJ) | 10,800 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Environmental and Occupational Health (PGDEOH) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Folklore and Culture Studies (PGDFCS) | 3,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Food Safety and Quality Management (PGDFSQM) | 14,400 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Information Security (PGDIS) | 21,600 |
| Post Graduate Diploma in Operations Management (PGDIDOM) | 15,400 |
| Diploma in Early Childhood Care and Education (DECE) | 3,600 |
| Diploma in Nutrition and Health Education (DNHE) | 3,600 |
| Diploma in Tourism Studies (DTS) | 5,400 |
| Diploma in Creative Writing in English (DCE) | 4,800 |
| Diploma in HIV and Family Education (DAFE) | 3,600 |
| Diploma in Women’s Empowerment and Development (DWED) | 3,600 |
| Diploma in Business Process Outsourcing (DBPOFA) | 6,600 |
| Diploma in Modern Office Practice (DMOP) | 6,600 |
| Diploma in Fashion Design and Retail (DFDR) | 6,600 |
| Diploma in Nursing Administration (DNA) | 10,800 |
| Diploma in Value Added Products from Fruits and Vegetables (DVAPFV) | 14,400 |
| Diploma in Meat Technology (DMT) | 14,400 |
| Diploma in Watershed Management (DWM) | 10,800 |
| Certificate in Environmental Studies (CES) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Teaching of English (CTE) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in HIV and Family Education (CAFE) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Social Work and Criminal Justice System (CSWCJS) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Anti Human Trafficking (CAHT) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in NGO Management (CNM) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Sericulture (CIS) | 4,200 |
| Certificate in Organic Farming (COF) | 4,800 |
| Certificate in Beekeeping (CIB) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Water Harvesting and Management (CWHM) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Poultry Farming (CPF) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Russian Language (CRUL) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Spanish Language & Culture (CSLC) | 4,800 |
| Certificate in Persian Language (CPEL) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Arabic Language (CAL) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in French Language (CFL) | 6,600 |
| Certificate in Japanese Language (CJL) | 6,600 |
| Certificate in Korean Language & Culture (CKLC) | 6,600 |
| Certificate in German Language (CGL) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Community Health (CCH) | 15,600 |
| Certificate in Adolescent Health and Counselling (CAHC) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Maternal and Child Health Nursing (CMCHN) | 6,600 |
| Certificate in Newborn and Infant Nursing (CNIN) | 6,600 |
| Certificate in Home Based Health Care (CHBHC) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Performing Arts Hindustani Music (CPAHM) | 16,200 |
| Certificate in Performing Arts Karnatak Music (CPAKM) | 16,200 |
| Certificate in Performing Arts Bharatanatyam (CPABN) | 16,200 |
| Certificate in Performing Arts Theatre Arts (CPATHA) | 16,200 |
| Certificate in Visual Arts Painting (CVAP) | 16,200 |
| Certificate in Visual Arts Applied Art (CVAA) | 16,200 |
| Certificate in Solid Waste Management (CSWM) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Condition Monitoring (CCOMO) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Gender, Agriculture and Sustainable Development (CGAS) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Food and Nutrition (CFN) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Information Technology (CIT) | 6,600 |
| Certificate in Functional English (CFE) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Urdu Language (CUL) | 1,800 |
| Certificate in Vedic Mathematics (CVEDM) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Sanskrit Sambhshan (SSB) | 1,800 |
| Certificate in Tribal Studies (CTRBS) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Peace Studies and Conflict Management (CPSCM) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Library and Information Science (CLIS) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Consumer Protection (CCP) | 2,400 |
| Certificate in Human Rights (CHR) | 3,600 |
| Certificate in Co-operation, Co-operative Law & Business Laws (CCLBL) | 8,400 |
| Certificate in Yoga and Naturopathy (CYN) | 6,600 |
| Certificate in Communication and IT Skills (CCITSK) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Certificate in Climate Change (PGCCC) | 3,600 |
| Post Graduate Certificate in Geoinformatics (PGCGI) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Certificate in Information and Assistive Technologies for the Visually Impaired (PGCIATIVI) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Certificate in Industrial Safety (PGCINDS) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Certificate in Medical Management of CBRNE Disasters (PGCMDM) | 6,600 |
| Post Graduate Certificate in Inventory Planning and Warehousing for Engineers (PGCPIPWS) | 6,600 |
| PhD (Various Disciplines) | 16,800 |
IGNOU Entrance Exam 2026
IGNOU admission 2026 for BEd, and PhD requires entrance exams. The BEd Entrance Test for the BEd program, and the PhD Entrance Test for Doctoral programs. Candidates must register on the IGNOU admission portal and check exam schedules at www.ignou.ac.in.
| Programme | Exam Name |
|---|---|
| BEd | BEd Entrance Test |
| PhD | PhD Entrance Test |
IGNOU Admission Process 2026
Step-by-step admission process for IGNOU admission 2026 is as follows:
Step 1: Online Registration
Visit the official website of IGNOU (www.ignou.ac.in). Click on ‘Apply Now’ and register with your email ID and mobile number on the IGNOU admission portal.
Step 2: Fill the Application Form
Provide personal details, academic qualifications, and course preferences in the IGNOU admission form. Upload required documents (mark sheets, passport-size photos, etc.).
Step 3: Pay the Application Fee
The IGNOU admission fees are INR 300 for most courses and INR 500 for MBA, MCA, and select programs. Payment modes: Credit/Debit Card, Net Banking, UPI.
Step 4: Appear for the Entrance Exam (if applicable)
IGNOU accepts OPENMAT for MBA, BEd Entrance Test for BEd, and PhD Entrance Test for PhD. Candidates must register and appear for the respective entrance examination.
Step 5: Merit List & Shortlisting
IGNOU releases a merit list based on entrance scores or academic performance. Shortlisted candidates receive email notifications about counseling or admission confirmation.
Step 6: Final Selection
For merit-based programs, IGNOU releases a final list based on academic records. For entrance-based programs, selection involves entrance exam scores and interviews (for PhD).
Step 7: Admission Confirmation & Fee Payment
Selected candidates confirm their seat by paying the admission fee within the deadline. Download the admission letter and contact the regional centre for further instructions.
How to Apply for IGNOU Admission 2026?
IGNOU admissions are merit-based for most UG, PG, diploma, and certificate courses, with no entrance exams required except for specific programs. IGNOU admission process 2026 can be completed in both online and offline modes.
IGNOU Online Admission 2026
IGNOU online admission for ODL and online programs is managed via ignouadmission.samarth.edu.in (ODL) and registration for IGNOU online courses can be done on the official IGNOU online admission portal - ignouiop.samarth.edu.in. or iop.ignouonline.ac.in. Candidates use the IGNOU admission login to access the application form, track IGNOU Admission Status, and complete IGNOU registration.
- Visit the Official Portal:
- To apply for IGNOU admission, visit the official IGNOU admission portal. For ODL (Open and Distance Learning) and Online programs.
- Click on "Register Online" > "Fresh Admission".
- New Registration:
- If you're a new user, click "New Registration".
- Provide basic details: Name, mobile number, email ID, etc.
- Create a username and password (these will be sent to your email/mobile for login).
- Login and Fill the IGNOU Admission form:
- Log in using your new credentials.
- Select your desired programme (UG, PG, Diploma, Certificate, etc.).
- Fill in personal details, educational qualifications, and programme preferences.
- Choose your regional centre/study centre (based on your location).
- Upload Required Documents:
- Upload required scanned documents in specified formats/sizes.
- Pay the Application/Registration Fee:
- Pay the IGNOU admission fees online INR 300 for most courses, INR 500 for MBA/MCA (non-refundable) for most programmes.
- Pay online via Credit/Debit Card, Net Banking, or UPI.
- Programme fee is paid after selection/confirmation.
- Submit the Form:
- Preview and apply.
- Download the acknowledgement/confirmation slip for records.
- No need to send a printed copy to IGNOU—everything is online.
- Track IGNOU Admission Status:
- After submission, your application will be verified by the regional centre.
- Check status on the portal using your login.
- Confirmation email/SMS will be sent upon approval, including enrolment number and study centre details.
IGNOU Offline Admission 2026
Visit the nearest regional or study centres to collect the IGNOU admission form. Fill it out, attach required documents, and submit with the application fee at the centre.
Documents Required for IGNOU Admission 2026
- 10th & 12th Mark Sheets
- Graduation Degree & Mark Sheets (for PG/PhD)
- Entrance Exam Scorecard (if applicable)
- Aadhar Card or Valid ID Proof
- Recent Passport-Sized Photographs
- Category Certificate (if applicable)
- Migration Certificate (for non-state students)
IGNOU Admission Status 2026
IGNOU admission status shows whether your application is processed, verified, and confirmed. It applies to UG, PG, Diploma, and Certificate courses in Online and ODL mode. It shows details like enrollment number generation, regional centre allotment, and confirmation after document verification and fee payment.
IGNOU registration status usually updates within 10 to 60 days. Delay may happen due to high application volume. Regularly checking your status helps you stay updated.
How to Check IGNOU Admission Status
- Primary Method (Post-Confirmation): Visit https://isms.ignou.ac.in/changeadmdata/AdmissionStatusNew.ASP Enter your 10-digit Enrollment Number and Programme Code. View details: Confirmation, study centre, validity.
- During Application (Samarth Portal): Log in at https://ignouiop.samarth.edu.in/ (for online programs) or https://ignouadmission.samarth.edu.in/ (ODL). Go to "My Application" to track progress.
- Alternative: Check registered email/SMS for confirmation notifications.
Common Status Messages & Actions
- Confirmed/Enrollment Generated: Admission approved; download ID card from the Samarth portal.
- Pending/Incomplete: Documents/fee issue; re-upload or contact the regional centre.
- Rejected: Eligibility or document mismatch; re-apply next cycle.
IGNOU Scholarships 2026
Indira Gandhi National Open University offers scholarships for reserved and economically disadvantaged students, typically available from October:
| Scholarship Name | Eligibility | Amount |
|---|---|---|
| Post-Matric Scholarship | SC/ST/OBC with family income < INR 2.5 lakh | Full fee waiver |
| Merit-cum-Means Scholarship | 75%+ marks in qualifying exam | Up to INR 10,000 |
| Single Girl Child Scholarship | Single girl child in UG/PG | INR 2,000/month |
| Rural/Urban BPL Scholarship | Below poverty line students | 50% fee concession |
| Jail Inmate Exemption | Inmates in Indian prisons | Full fee waiver (including registration) |
Exemptions: Employed SC/ST candidates and certificate/diploma students are ineligible. Apply via ignou.ac.in.
IGNOU vs. Other Universities
- IGNOU vs. Madras University (Distance MPA): IGNOU’s MPA (INR 15,400 total) is more affordable with multilingual resources, unlike Madras University’s INR 15,000/year.
- IGNOU vs. Nalanda Open University: IGNOU’s 2,667 study centres and eGyanKosh outperform Nalanda’s limited digital infrastructure.
- IGNOU vs. VMOU (BA): IGNOU’s BA offers global recognition and diverse specializations, surpassing VMOU’s regional focus.