MAHE OET Syllabus 2023: Check Subject-Wise Syllabus

Addition and subtraction of vectors, relative velocity, unit vectors, resolution of a vector in a plane, scalar and vector products of vectors, scalar and vector quantities, position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number. Motion in a plane, uniform circular motion, cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration – projectile motion. 

Motion in a straight line: Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Velocity time and position-time graphs, uniformly accelerated motion, and relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment). Position-time graph, speed and velocity. 

Examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road), centripetal force. Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion, force and inertia.

Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication.Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces, Newton’s third law of motion, impulse.

Non-conservative forces, the notion of potential energy, the potential energy of a spring, conservative forces. Conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies)

Work is done by a constant force and a variable force. Motion in a vertical circle, kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.

Values of the moment of inertia for simple geometrical objects. Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications. Moment of inertia, the radius of gyration. Rotational motions. Centre of mass of the uniform rod.

Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, and conservation of angular momentum with some examples. Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body.

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and gravitational potential. Gravitational potential energy. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Acceleration is due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Geostationary satellites and the universal law of gravitation.

Pressure due to a fluid column. Terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications. Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure. Viscosity, Stokes’ law.

Elastic behaviour, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear, modulus of rigidity. The stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Poisson's ratio. Elastic energy. Application of surface tension ideas to drops, angle of contact Surface energy and surface tension, excess of pressure, bubbles and capillary rise.

The second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators. Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature. Heat, work and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Degrees of freedom, the law of equipartition of energy and application to heat capacities of gases

Kinetic Theory of Gases: Assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases, the concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature, RMS speed of gas molecules the concept of the mean free path, Avogadro’s number. Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas. Temperature, thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Anomalous expansion

Change of state – latent heat Specific heat capacity: Cp, Cv – calorimetry. Wein’s displacement law and Green House effect Heat transfer – conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation. Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law.

Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion, displacement relation for a progressive wave, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, the principle of superposition of waves, a reflection of waves, fundamental mode and harmonics, periodic motion – period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. forced and damped oscillations, resonance

Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation, phase, free. Doppler effect. Energy in SHM – kinetic and potential energies. Simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period. Wave motion beats. 

Electric charges and their conservation, forces between multiple charges. Superposition principle and continuous charge distribution Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long. Electric field, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines.

Straight wire, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell electric potential, equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and electric dipoles in an electrostatic field.

Capacitors and capacitance, dielectrics and electric polarisation, a combination of capacitors in series and parallel, Van de Graaff generator. Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor.

Oersted’s experiment, Biot - Savart law and its application, concept of magnetic field, cyclotron. The force between two parallel current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere, carrying circular loop, magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron, straight and toroidal solenoids, current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment Ampere’s law and its applications to an infinitely long straight wire.

Moving coil galvanometer – current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, magnetic field lines

Earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements, permanent magnets, and torque are experienced by a current loop in a magnetic field. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths.

Ohm’s law and electrical resistivity and conductivity. Electrical resistance, electrical energy and power.

Potentiometer – Applications to measure potential differences and principles, and for comparing the emf of two cells. VI-characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors drift velocity and mobility, measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

Series and parallel combinations of resistors, the temperature dependence of resistance electric current, the flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, the internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications. metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge.  

AC generator and transformer alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage. Power in AC circuits, wattles current. Electromagnetic induction; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents.

Self and mutual inductance. LC oscillations, LCR series circuit, resonance, Faraday’s law, induced emf and current, reactance and impedance. 

Wave optics: refraction and reflection of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts; Wavefront and Huygens’ principle.

Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and polaroids. Coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle, polarisation.

Resolving the power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Lens-maker’s formula, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres. Combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a mirror, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, Dispersion and Refraction of light through a prism.

Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Scattering of light–blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses. 

Binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion. Radioactivity particles/rays and their properties, radioactive decay law. Isotones Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum; Alpha particle scattering experiment. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars. Rutherford’s model of an atom, mass-energy relation, mass defect. 

Hertz and Lenard’s observations, the photoelectric effect.

Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment. Einstein’s photoelectric equation – particle nature of light.

Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch. Zener diode as a voltage regulator, characteristics of a transistor; Junction transistor, transistor action, semiconductor diode – IV characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; IV- characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode, transistor as an amplifier and oscillator.

Insulators and semiconductors, conductors, and energy bands in solids.

Sky and space wave propagation, propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.

Need for modulation, a bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data). Elements of a communication system, bandwidth of transmission medium.

The concept of percentage composition, STP conditions, gram molar volume, chemical equations and numerical problems in all these concepts, empirical and molecular formulae, and stoichiometry.

The relationship between molecular mass and vapour density.

Laws of chemical combination, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and Avogadro number, molar mass, vapour density-definition. Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory, the concept of atom, molecule, element and compound. 

Solid-state: classifications of solids: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids, Bragg’s law and its applications, Unit cell and lattices, packing in solids (fcc, bcc and hcp lattices) voids, calculations involving unit cell parameters, imperfection in solids, electrical and magnetic properties.

Liquid state: Properties of liquids – vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension, the effect of temp. on them.

Gaseous state: Gas laws – Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, Graham’s law of diffusion, Avogadro’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressures, Gay Lussac’s Law of combining volumes, the concept of the absolute temperature scale, Ideal gas equation, kinetic theory of gases - postulates, the concept of average, root mean square and most probable velocities, Expressions for r.m.s velocity and kinetic energy from the kinetic gas equation. Numerical problems. Ideal and real gases, Ideal gas equation, the value of R (SI units). Deviation of real gases from the ideal behaviour. PV-P curves. Causes for the deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour. Derivation of Van der Waal’s equation and interpretation of PV-P curves

Introduction: constituents of atoms, their charge and mass.

The concept of orbital: shapes of s, p and d orbitals. Pauli’s exclusion principle and Aufbau principle. Energy level diagram and (n+1) rule. Electronic configuration of elements with atomic numbers from 1 to 54, the extra stability of half-filled and filled orbitals. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.

Atomic number and atomic mass. Wave nature of light, Electromagnetic spectrum-emission spectrum of hydrogen-Lyman series, Balmer series, Paschen series, Brackett series and Pfund series. Rydberg’s equation. Numerical problems involve the calculation of wavelength and wavenumbers of lines in the hydrogen spectrum. Atomic model- Bohr’s theory, (derivation of equation for energy and radius not required). Explanation of origin of lines in the hydrogen spectrum. Limitations of Bohr’s theory.

Dual nature of electron distinction between a particle and a wave. de Broglie’s Theory. Matter-wave equation (derivation). Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle (Qualitative). Quantum numbers - n, l, m, s and their significance and interrelationships.

Covalent bonding: valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules, molecular orbital theory (MOT) - linear combination of atomic orbitals (Qualitative approach), energy level diagram, rules for filling molecular orbitals, bonding and anti-bonding molecular orbitals, bond order, electronic configuration of H2, Li2 and O2 Non-existence of He2 and paramagnetism of O2.

Kossel: Lewis's approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.

Ionic bonding: formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds, calculation of lattice enthalpy.

Hydrogen bonding – inter and intramolecular, properties.

Metallic bonding: Electron gas theory (Electron Sea model), the definition of metallic bond, correlation of metallic properties with nature of metallic bond using electron gas theory.

Methods of expressing the concentration of solutions – ppm, molarity, molality, normality, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and wt.), colligative properties of dilute solutions – the relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, and the elevation of boiling point, osmotic pressure, calculation of mol. wt of a solute using colligative properties Vant Hoff factor and its significance Principles of volumetric analysis- standard solution, titrations and indicators-acid-base (phenolphthalein and methyl orange) and redox (Diphenylamine) numerical problems.

Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law, Ideal and non-ideal solutions.

Ionic equilibrium: Electrolytes and non-electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, Electrolysis -Faraday’s Laws of electrolysis, numerical problems. Arrhenius theory of electrolytic dissociation, Merits and limitations. Specific conductivity and molar conductivity - definitions and units. Strong and weak electrolytes with examples. Factors affecting the conductivity. Acid-Base theories (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) and their limitations, acid-base equilibria, ionization constants, Strengths of Acids and Bases - dissociation constants of weak acids and weak bases. Ostwald’s dilution law for weak electrolytes (eq. derivation) - expression for hydrogen ion concentration of weak acid and hydroxyl ion concentration of weak base - numerical problems. Ionic product of water, pH concept and pH scale. pK_a and pK_b values - numerical problems. Buffers, types of buffers, mechanism of buffer action, Henderson’s equation for pH of a buffer (derivation), preparation of buffers of required pH -numerical problems. Common ion effect, solubility, the expression for K_sp of sparingly soluble salts of types AB, AB₂. The relationship between solubility and solubility product of salts of types AB, AB₂. Applications of common ion effect and solubility product in qualitative analysis, and numerical problems.

Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (K_p and K_c) and their significance, the significance of ∆G and ∆G" in chemical equilibria, factors affecting equilibrium, concentration, pressure, temp., the effect of catalyst, Le Chatelier’s principle.

Equilibrium involving physical processes: solid-liquid, liquid – gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry’s law, general characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

Electrochemical cells, Daniel cells, free energy changes during cell reactions (∆G). Reference electrodes - Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) - construction, use of SHE for determination of SRP of other single electrodes and pH of solutions, Limitations of SHE. Electrochemical series and its applications, galvanic and electrolytic cells, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a galvanic cell and its measurement, Nernst eq. and its applications, working principles of the dry cell, lead-acid cell and H2-O2 fuel cell.

Electronic concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions, Electrode potential - Definition, factors affecting single electrode potential, Standard electrode potential, Nernst’s equation for calculating single electrode potential.

Introduction, the commercial importance of rate studies, Order of a reaction, factors deciding the order of reaction-relative concentrations of the reactants and mechanism of the reaction. Zero-order, fractional-order and pseudo-first-order reactions with illustrations.

Effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction, the temperature coefficient of a reaction. Arrhenius's interpretation of the energy of activation and temperature dependence of the rate of reaction. Arrhenius Equation. Influence of catalyst on energy profile. Numerical problems on the energy of activation.

First-order reaction: eg. for rate constant derivation, units. Half-life period, the relation between half-life period and order of a reaction, numerical problems. Determination of the order of a reaction by the graphical and Ostwald’s isolation method.

Colloids: Introduction, colloidal system and particle sizes. Types of colloidal systems, Lyophilic and lyophobic sols, examples and differences. Preparation of sols by Bredig’s arc method and peptisation. Purification of sols - dialysis and electrodialysis. Properties of sols - Tyndall effect, Brownian movement electrophoresis, the origin of charge, coagulation, Hardy and Schulze rule, the Protective action of sols. Gold number, Gold number of gelatin and starch. Applications of colloids. Emulsions and their characteristics.

Adsorption: Physisorption and chemisorption and their characteristics, factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids, Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, adsorption from solutions

Catalysis: Homogeneous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity of solid catalysts, enzyme catalysis and its mechanism.

Entropy - a measure of randomness, change in entropy, unit of entropy. Entropy and spontaneity. The second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs’ free energy as a driving force of a reaction, Gibbs’ equation, prediction of the feasibility of a process in terms of ∆G, standard free energy change and its relation to Kp. Numerical problems.

Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes, criteria for spontaneity - tendency to attain a state of minimum energy and maximum randomness. 

Electronegativity: definition with illustrations, Fagan's rules. Variations of atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity down the group and along the period and their interpretation.

Periodic table: periods and groups. Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s,p,d and f block elements, atomic radii (Van der Waal and covalent) and ionic radii, comparison of the size of cation and anion with the parent atom, size of the isoelectronic ions. Ionization energy, electron affinity.

Group 18: Occurrence and uses of noble gases, isolation of rare gases by Ramsay and Raleigh’s method and separation of individual gases from the noble gas mixture (Dewar’s charcoal adsorption method). Structures of fluorides and oxides of xenon.

Group 17: Preparation, properties and uses of hydrochloric acid, trends in the acidic nature of hydrogen halides, structures of interhalogen compounds and oxides and oxoacids of halogens.

Group 16: Preparation, properties, structures and uses of ozone, allotropic forms of sulphur, preparation, properties, structure and uses of sulphuric acid, structures of oxoacids of sulphur.

Group 15: properties and uses of nitrogen and phosphorus, allotropic forms of phosphorus, preparation, properties, structure and uses of ammonia, nitric acid, phosphine and phosphorus halides (PCl3, PCl5), structures of oxides and oxoacids of nitrogen and phosphorus.

Group 14: Tendency for catenation, structure, properties and uses of allotropes and oxides of carbon, silicon tetrachloride, silicates, zeolites and silicones.

Group 13: Preparation, properties and uses of boron and aluminium, structure, properties and uses of borax, boric acid, diborane, boron trifluoride, aluminium chloride and alums.

Actinoids: Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

Lanthanoids: Electronic configuration, oxidation states and lanthanoid contraction.

Particulate pollutants: smoke, dust, smog, fumes, mist, their sources, harmful effects and prevention

Stratospheric pollution: formation and breakdown of ozone, depletion of the ozone layer, its mechanism and effects.

Water pollution: major pollutants such as pathogens, organic wastes and chemical pollutants, their harmful effects and prevention.

Environmental pollution: atmospheric, water and soil

Atmospheric pollution: tropospheric and stratospheric

Tropospheric pollutants: gaseous pollutants: oxides of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, hydrocarbons, their sources, harmful effects and prevention. Greenhouse effect and global warming, acid rain.

Soil pollution: major pollutants such as pesticides (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) their harmful effects and prevention.

Strategies to control environmental pollution.

Purification: crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography – principles and their applications

Qualitative analysis: detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in Org. quantitative analysis.

Nomenclature: covalent bond fission – homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions. Stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation

Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p), classification of organic compounds based on functional groups, compounds containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Homologues series, isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.

Types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.

Alkenes: Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, the addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides – Markownikoff’s and peroxide effect, ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes: Acidic character, the addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization.

Alkanes: conformers, Sawhorse and Newman projections of ethane, mechanism of halogenation of alkanes

Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration, Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono-substituted benzene.

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as nucleophilic addition (addition of HCN, NH3 and its derivatives), Grignard reagents, oxidation, reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen), the acidity of α–hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones.

Carboxylic acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer – Tiemann reaction.

Ethers: Structures

Diazonium salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Vitamins: Classification and functioning

Nucleic acids – chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates: Classification – aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose)

Proteins: Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptide, proteins – primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

Chemicals in food – Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, common examples

Cleansing agents – Soaps and detergents, cleansing action

Chemicals in medicine – Analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines – their meaning and common examples

Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis: Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+; Anions – CO32−, S2−, SO42−, NO3−, NO2−, Cl−, Br− and I−.

The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises: Acid-Base titrations, use of indicators, Redox titrations and their indicators

Reduction of improper fractions as a sum of a polynomial and a proper fraction, Rational functions, proper and improper fractions. Rules of resolving a rational function into partial fractions in which the denominator contains

(i) Linear distinct factors, (ii) Linear repeated factors, (iii) Non repeated non-factorable quadratic factors problems limited to evaluation of three constants].

Permutation and Combinations: Recapitulation of and proofs of (i) Statement and proof of the Binomial theorem for a positive integral index by induction. Problems to find the middle terms, terms independent of and terms containing

(1) General formulae (2) Binomial coefficient

Co-ordinate system(i) Rectangular coordinate system in a plane (Cartesian) (ii) Locus of a point. Problems. (iii)Distance formula, section formula and midpoint formula, centroid of a triangle, area of a triangle – derivations and problems.

Straight-line: Slope of a line, where is the angle made by the line with the positive-axis, the slope of the line joining any two points, general equation of a line – derivation and problems. (ii) Angle between two lines, point of intersection of two lines, condition for concurrency of three lines. Length of the perpendicular from the origin and from any point to a line. Equations of the internal and external bisectors of the angle between two lines – Derivations and problems. (iii) Different forms of the equation of a straight line: (a) slope-point form (b) slope-intercept form (c) two points form
(d) intercept form and (e) normal form – derivation; Problems. (iv) Conditions for two lines to be (i) parallel, (ii) perpendicular.

Pair of straight lines: Pair of lines, homogenous equations of the second degree. General equation of second degree. Derivation of (1) condition for pair of lines (2) conditions for pair of parallel lines, perpendicular lines and distance between the pair of parallel lines. (3) Condition for pair of coincidence lines and (4) Angle and point of intersection of a pair of lines.

(1) Limit of a function – definition and algebra of limits. (2) Statement of limits (without proofs): Problems on limits (3) Standard limits (with proofs) (i) (rational) (ii) and ( in radians) (4) Evaluation of limits which take the form where. 

5) Continuity: Definitions of left-hand and right-hand limits and continuity. 

Linnaean hierarchy - Kingdom to species with examples (Cocos nucifera and Homo sapiens).

The five-kingdom system of classification in detail - General characters of kingdoms Monera, Protista, Mycota, Metaphyta and Metazoa, Lichens.

Introduction - Need, history and types of classification (Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic), Species concept, Binomial nomenclature with examples, Rules and advantages of binomial nomenclature.

 A brief account of orgastic substances (mention reserve food, secretory and excretory substances with examples). Differences between plant cells and animal cells.

Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centriole. Cell structure: Structure and functions of cell components - cell wall, plasma membrane (fluid mosaic model), endoplasmic reticulum, plastids (brief), mitochondria (brief), Golgi complex, Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Centrosome, vacuole and nucleus - nuclear envelope (nuclear pores and nuclear lamina) nucleoplasm, nucleolus and chromatin.

Interdisciplinary branches - biophysics, biochemistry and biostatistics. Applied branches and career prospects - agriculture, entomology, silviculture, pathology, apiculture, microbiology and bioinformatics. Role of biology in dispelling myths and disbeliefs.

Definition of Biology and its main branches - Botany and Zoology. Scope of Biology. Branches of Biology (definition only). Classical branches - morphology, cytology, histology, anatomy, physiology, developmental biology, biosystematics, genetics, ecology, organic evolution and palaeontology.

Gene: The gene, the genetic code and its characteristics, genetic control of protein synthesis (transcription and translation) and Lac operon. Concept of the gene (prokaryotic and eukaryotic).

Nucleic acids: DNA - Occurrence, DNA as the genetic material (with the experiment of Avery as evidence), chemical composition, structure (Watson - Crick model), Semiconservative method of replication. RNA - Occurrence, chemical composition, a brief account of structure and functions of genetic RNA, rRNA, mRNA and tRNA (cloverleaf model).

Biotechnology: Introduction: Scope of biotechnology.

Biodiversity profiles of India and Karnataka: Species diversity, Endemic species, Threatened species and Endangered species.

Definition and Types: Ecosystem or habitat diversity, Species diversity and Genetic diversity.

Benefits of biodiversity: Economic - Traditional crop varieties and lesser-known plants and animals of food value, medicinal plants harvested from wild habitats. Ecological/Social - For controlling soil-water regimes and hydrology, for efficient organic residue management and soil fertility management.

An example to illustrate homeostasis - is the regulation of blood glucose levels by the liver and pancreas through negative feedback. A note on diabetes mellitus.

Concept of Homeostasis - The central Dogma in physiology: Definition. Meaning of internal environment. Factors to be kept constant to achieve homeostasis. 

Fertilization – Definition, Types - external and internal. Mechanism. Significance.

Developmental biology (basics of sexual reproduction) - Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis - formation of spermatids and spermiogenesis (details of spermiogenesis are not required). Ultrastructure of human sperm. Oogenesis. Generalized structure of ovum.

Types of Reproduction- a brief account.

Human Reproduction: A brief account of reproductive systems (organs), Fertilization, Implantation, Placenta. Role of gonadotropins and sex hormones in males and females (meaning of menstrual cycle to be highlighted).